kato

For water: Check your rental contract. It is legally possible for the landlord to distribute water cost non-usage-dependent, i.e. by distributing the overall usage to all apartments as done here. Needs to be contractually laid down though.   For heating: They didn't read the meters around the turn of the calculation period, i.e. at the end of the year (+-2 weeks) ? (possibly remotely, not on site - if on site, was there an announcement somewhere at the front door or staircase entrance?)   Also note that your point of contact is always the landlord or (for day-to-day business like this) the Hausverwaltung that he contracted to do this job. The company doing the calculation - Kalorimeta - is contracted by the landlord and doesn't have anything to do with you.

  Uh, no, you might be misunderstanding something there. This isn't a bill. This is a Betriebskostenabrechnung, i.e. a statement of what costs were actually incurred. The landlord is legally obliged to give this statement to the renter for transparency.  

  Since no one really answered the question:   Discrimination with regard to rental contracts for housing is regulated by §19 AGG. Possible discriminatory items under AGG are race or ethnicity, gender, religion or philosophy, disability, age, sexual identity.   §19 (1) AGG - no discrimination based on any of the above items (*) allowed for "mass contracting", set at a landlord owning a minimum of 50 apartments (**). §19 (2) AGG - no discrimination based on race or ethnicity with regard to rental contracts in general. §19 (3) AGG - discrimination based on gender, religion or philosophy, disability, age or sexual identity allowed "with a view towards the creation and maintenance of socially stable settlement structures and a balanced economic, social and cultural environment" §19 (4) AGG - discrimination based on all items, incl. race, is allowed if landlord and renter share the same living space. Courts have clarified this to mean the same estate, not just the same apartment.   (*) philosophy can be considered as a possible legal discrimination in this case, since it's not explicitly listed. (**) §20 AGG factually excepts religious communities from this with regard to religious-based discrimination (and only on that basis!).   Additionally under §20 AGG exemptions apply if a sufficient sachlicher Grund is stated, mostly pertaining to safety (e.g. it can be possible to state that an apartment due to how it is constructed is not suitable for wheelchair users or e.g. for blind people).   Language in itself is not a discriminatory item under AGG. It can be a derivative item insofar as it pertains to a particular ethnicity - e.g. stating "in diesem Haus wird nur Deutsch gesprochen" in an ad would be a definitive discrimination based on ethnicity (and yes, such ads weren't exactly uncommon 20-30 years ago).

  Jobcenters apply a socalled "Nichtprüfgrenze", which basically typically multiplies the maximum allowed square meters with the local Mietspiegel per-square-meter average price. If your apartment falls below that in cost they'll let it slip through even if it's larger.   In the neighborhood of Heidelberg i live in there is currently exactly one apartment listed on Immobilienscout24 (out of five offers) that would fall below that cost limit for a 1- or 2-person BG though, and that one isn't applicable because it's furnished and inclusive of some other costs.  

  Just as a note, since the wording may be a bit misleading: 60 square meters is the absolute maximum considered permissible for a 2-person Bedarfsgemeinschaft applying for ALG2 or Grundsicherung.

  In Baden-Württemberg it's 80% of the standardized cost of a pupil at a state school (full-time education) that a school can get if it offers standard curriculum leading to a formal degree - this explicitly includes Waldorf Schools. Since this is paid per-student the actual percentage relative to cost of course depends on how economical the school is run (e.g. class sizes).   In return for this subsidization for these schools tuition fees for parents are capped. They basically have to offer a 165 Euro package for low-income parents as well as the option of getting a "standard curriculum" package (no fancy extras) for 5% of net household income.  

  Depends on the school and most importantly the state. In Baden-Württemberg for example Waldorf schools are explicitly subsidized by the state, while Montessori schools are formally standard schools and thus also receive subsidies. International schools by comparison are usually not subsidized by the state, and leverage their costs in full from parents. Depending on state tuition fees may also be legally capped, at least for schools that receive subsidies and/or are legally acknowledged replacement schools for public education. Usually there tends to be an income-dependent fee table as well.   With all private schools of "alternative" kinds look into the educational concepts for the individual school itself - just because School A and School B are both Waldorf schools doesn't mean they even remotely do the same thing.

  The Meldebescheinigung only confirms the address at the time of issue, and has no regular expiration date since it literally only contains exactly that. Whether any person requiring a Meldebescheinigung accepts it as valid proof of current (!) address at any date other than the issueing date is entirely up to them, and for Behörden is usually addressed in internal regulations (with 3, 6 or 12 months being most common depending on the purpose).

British citizens may enter Germany if they have their regular residence or domicile in Germany (this is limited to EU citizens, EFTA citizens and British citizens).   Note also that since April 10th anyone who enters Germany from any other country has to quarantine themselves for a 14 day period within their domicile, not being allowed to leave the domicile or receive visits from any person not belonging to their Hausstand. Additionally depending on state they have to report their entry with the local health authorities or police authorities. Exceptions to this enforced quarantine apply for people in system-critical professions under certain conditions such as typically a business-related trip lasting no more than 3 days abroad.   OP would likely be rejected at the border even with a "registered address" as their primary residence (5 days per week) is in the UK.

  If you want to do it the legally proper way: Ask the local Untere Wasserbehörde, i.e. the City of Mannheim. In addition the Untere Denkmalbehörde will have something to say about it, which luckily for you is in the same Fachbereich in Mannheim. The answer will highly depend on how you word your intentions and which waters specifically you intend to plow.   Other than that, there's plenty of people who do it at the Neckar and Rhine without asking. Just saying.

Don't really get the Bafög question. I mean, the tuition fees at Fresenius are - for most courses - already higher than whatever Bafög she would get. Hence switching from a course where she's getting it now to one at Fresenius where she might not get it is basically a double loss.   A few things to note: First thing to ask is whether this new course is accredited yet, and for what duration. And whatever they answer check against it here. Note: I'd say the same about a new course at a public university. At least in Hessen. Experience. If the Prof. says he'd start the course with 5 students it means he only has at most 4 students. Note however that Fresenius supposedly has a learning group (class) approach - unlike other third education institutions. Their groups are generally that small (because they don't find students), with often less than 10 in a group. It's not anything special with regard to this course. Milk them for every possible credit point she might get for previous studies. Including applying the usual "well, i'll have to check what we hear back from that other private university..." negotiation approach. Check into whether their tuition fee structure includes mandatory minimums and free extension of study time. Always consider whether and to what extent a degree from a private university is accepted by companies in the field and the particular branch she studies in in general. This also includes checking into whether in that field post-graduate studies (i.e. a Master degree) is typically required to "properly" work, because getting into such courses with a BSc from a private university may have her encounter some, ermmm, complications.

  Nah, it's not overtime, if it's "tax-free" it's cash-in-hand illegal work.

Legally the salary to be taken into account is specifically the one for the month for which Kurzarbeit is applied for (i.e. if you're on Kurzarbeit in May and don't generate into commission then the minimum salary is applied as the base for the calculation).   If you're on partial Kurzarbeit (reduced hours) and do generate commission-based income then that component is only taken into account if it is regularly paid out within the month in which it is generated (i.e. e.g. annual boni or a quarterly payout does not apply).   §106 SGB III